# CJC-1295 references — primary literature, regulatory citations, analytical methods

> Full citation list for the Doctor CJC-1295 dossier: seventeen primary literature entries spanning 1990-2025, including the foundational rat pharmacology, Phase 1 cohort, cryo-EM structure, halted Phase 2 program, and 2024-2025 FDA and WADA actions.

## Citation index

The seventeen primary references that ground every claim on this site are listed below. Each entry carries a DOI or stable identifier and a link to PubMed, PMC, ClinicalTrials.gov, the FDA site, or the WADA site as appropriate. Outbound links are to primary sources only.

The references span peer-reviewed pharmacology and clinical endocrinology (Jetté 2005, Teichman 2006, Ionescu & Frohman 2006, Alba 2006, Zhou 2020, Sackmann-Sala 2009, Bowers 1990, Baker 2012, Steiger 1992, Stanley 2014, Smith & Thorner 2023), the foundational anti-doping analytical work (Henninge 2010, Memdouh 2021, Thomas 2024), the halted Phase 2 trial registration (NCT00267527), and the 2024-2025 regulatory actions (FDA 503A Category 2 removal, WADA 2025 Prohibited List).

## Methodology note

Inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed primary literature, registered clinical trials, and formal regulatory actions or position statements that directly characterize CJC-1295 pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical effects, analytical detection, or legal status. Class-comparator citations (tesamorelin, sermorelin, GHRP, MK-677) are included only where they bear directly on the CJC-1295 evidence base — the SMART trial of tesamorelin in older adults is the strongest class-level evidence of GHRH-axis cognitive effects and is therefore cited; broader endocrinology review literature on growth hormone secretagogues is included only when it specifically frames the CJC-1295 mechanism (Smith & Thorner 2023).

Exclusion: review articles that do not advance a CJC-1295-specific argument, vendor or compounding-pharmacy material, lay press summaries, and any source not traceable to a primary record.

## References

[1] Jetté L, Léger R, Thibaudeau K, Benquet C, Robitaille M, Pellerin I, Paradis V, van Wyk P, Pham K, Bridon DP. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-3058. DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1286 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15817669/
[2] Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(3):799-805. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1536 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16352683/
[3] Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(12):4792-4797. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0689 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17018654/
[4] Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, Lawrence B, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA, Salvatori R. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2006;291(6):E1290-E1294. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00201.2006 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822960/
[5] Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, Zhao LH, Zhou Q, Mao C, Cheng X, Shen DD, Cai X, Ma C, Wang Y, Dai A, Zhou Y, Sun W, Zhao F, Zhao S, Jiang H, Jiang Y, Yang D, Xu HE, Zhang Y, Wang MW. Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Nature Communications. 2020;11(1):5205. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18945-0 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33060564/
[6] Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J, Frohman LA, Kopchick JJ. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2009;19(6):471-477. DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.03.001 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19386527/
[7] Bowers CY, Reynolds GA, Durham D, Barrera CM, Pezzoli SS, Thorner MO. On the actions of the growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide, GHRP. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1990;70(4):975-982. DOI: 10.1210/jcem-70-4-975 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2107173/
[8] ConjuChem Biotechnologies Inc. A study to evaluate CJC-1295 in HIV patients with visceral obesity. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00267527. 2006. DOI: NCT00267527 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00267527
[9] Baker LD, Barsness SM, Borson S, Merriam GR, Friedman SD, Craft S, Vitiello MV. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: results of a controlled trial. Archives of Neurology. 2012;69(11):1420-1429. DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.1970 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22869065/
[10] Steiger A, Guldner J, Hemmeter U, Rothe B, Wiedemann K, Holsboer F. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on sleep-EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in male controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992;17(4):399-401. DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(92)90017-3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1438644/
[11] Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J, Branch KL, Lee H, Torriani M, Grinspoon SK. Effects of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(4):380-389. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.8688 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25027139/
[12] Memdouh S, Gavrilović I, Ng K, Cowan D, Abbate V. Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2021;14(2):248-262. DOI: 10.1002/dta.3183 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34665524/
[13] Henninge J, Pepaj M, Hullstein I, Hemmersbach P. Identification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2010;2(11-12):647-650. DOI: 10.1002/dta.233 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21204297/
[14] Smith RG, Thorner MO. Growth Hormone Secretagogues as Potential Therapeutic Agents to Restore Growth Hormone Secretion in Older Subjects to Those Observed in Young Adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2023;78(11):2002-2008. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad022 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37325967/
[15] Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Tretzel L, Brinkkötter P, Fußhöller G, Görgens C, Geyer H, Thevis M. Chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of peptidic analytes (2-10 kDa) in doping control urine samples. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2024;59(2):e4996. DOI: 10.1002/jms.4996 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38197510/
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA removes certain peptide bulk drug substances from Category 2 of the interim 503A bulks list and sets dates for PCAC review. September 20, 2024. DOI: FDA-2024-503A-CJC1295-RMV https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-nominated-use-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act
[17] World Anti-Doping Agency. World Anti-Doping Code International Standard — The 2025 Prohibited List. Section S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics. 2025. DOI: WADA-2025-PL https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list

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